Wouldnt that magnitude of error have been conspicuous in the rate of fuel consumption? The Mars Climate Orbiter, built at a cost of $125 million, was a 638-kilogram robotic space probe launched by NASA on December 11, 1998 to study the Martian climate, Martian atmosphere, and surface changes. of complete end-to-end verification of navigation software and related The Mars Climate Orbiter (formerly the Mars Surveyor '98 Orbiter) was a 638-kilogram (1407lb)[1] robotic space probe launched by NASA on December 11, 1998, to study the Martian climate, Martian atmosphere, and surface changes and to act as the communications relay in the Mars Surveyor '98 program for Mars Polar Lander. Mars Orbiter Disaster - A Failure of Data Management. Back when websites looked like a Commodore 64s display on steroids. The design was largely adapted from guidelines from the Small Spacecraft Technology Initiative outlined in the book, Technology for Small Spacecraft. The peer review preliminary findings indicate that one team used English units (e.g., inches, feet and pounds) while the other used metric units for a key spacecraft operation. The miscommunication could have been avoided by simply setting a set of standards and also ensuring that each team . Ok, so your spacecraft is ever so slightly rotating in a direction you dont want. Mars Climate Orbiter went out of radio contact when the spacecraft passed behind Mars at 09:04:52 UTC, 49 seconds earlier than expected, and communication was never reestablished. Why was Venus rather than Mars targeted for the first interplanetary landings? Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. It too was also on its way to Mars in 1999. Observe Martian atmospheric processes at global scale and synoptically. Understanding how to manage risks in tourism is vital for tour operators. Those spacecraft were to include the Mars Global Surveyor, and the Mars Climate Orbiter and Polar Lander. missed the opportunity to identify problems (and solutions) that might The solar-powered lander has run out of energy after more than four years of science on the Red Planet. Big organisations have big cracks for things to fall down. How can citizens assist at an aircraft crash site? . On 23 September 1999 the Mars Climate Orbiter,one of the missions in a long-tenn program of Mars exploration, birned out completely. So throughout the journey every one of these minor events was doing very little, but the estimated trajectory thought they were doing 4.45 times more work. bad practice. It performed four course corrections: Dec. 21, 1998, and March 4, July 25 and Sept. 15, 1999. At 09:00:46 UT Sept. 23, 1999, the orbiter began its Mars orbit insertion burn as planned. Most notably that no one from guidance and navigation was on the design team, which led to a less than desirable and hard to navigate spacecraft. One of the ways to prevent the mishap in the Mars Climate Orbiter mission would have been the use of computer-based checks and balances to confirm that all calculations made . This site is maintained by the Planetary Science Communications team at, Mars Climate Orbiter (MCO) was the second probe, program, which also included the Mars Global, November 1996) and Mars Polar Lander (launched, at roughly the same time as Mars Polar Lander and to conduct simultaneous investigations of Mars atmosphere, climate and surface. It would take with it instruments designed first for the Mars Global Surveyor. Previously, on September 8, 1999, Trajectory Correction Maneuver-4 (TCM-4) was computed, and was then executed on September 15, 1999. Food Menu; Cart; Checkout; Return to website; how could the mars climate orbiter accident have been prevented "People sometimes make errors," said Dr. Edward Weiler, NASA's Associate Administrator for Space Science. Well like most things, itd be easy to blame one person or group but in reality, its kind of whole swath of minor problems and putting the blame on anyone doesnt really solve the problem. Both moons have very circular orbits which lie almost exactly in Mars's . detailed postmortems on its successful missions, the space agency Welcome to another episode of the Biggest Facepalms of Spaceflight history, otherwise known as spacepalms. I would think some basic integration testing would have caught the error. The Mars Climate Orbiter mission was launched under the 1990s NASA mantra of "Faster, Better Cheaper." This policy was instituted by the ninth NASA administrator, Daniel Goldin, when he assumed the office in April 1992.This philosophy came in the wake of slow, expensive missions such as the Mars Observer, launched in 1992.Mars Observer spent eight years in development before launch and was . InSights team is taking steps to help the solar-powered lander continue operating for as long as possible. This error lead to very tiny deviations in the calculated trajectory. I thought that Ada is in use in space and aeronautics? However, management denied their request. loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter and the Mars P olar Lander. Map the seasonal and spatial variability of atmospheric pressure. The MCO had unintentionally been projected into a path that took it to an altitude too close to Mars' surface. [6][7][9], The space probe was powered with a 3-panel solar array, providing an average of 500W (0.67hp) at Mars. Your information on the Shuttle disagrees with e.g. It provided 640 Newtons (140 lbs) of thrust for the Mars insertion burn. So the little probe was on its way, everything looking good. NASA has the additional problems of: There not being much precedence for most of the things they do. And lastly, the teams were seeing erroneous data that didnt line up with their calculated trajectories, but they ignored it. Great job on telling this story. Mars Climate Orbiter began the planned orbital insertion maneuver on September 23, 1999, at 09:00:46 UTC. Particles with mass ejected by the Sun, like nucleons, and electrons make up the solar wind. first FBC missions began to failthe project pipeline was full of On June 4th, 1996, the very first Ariane 5 rocket ignited its engines and began speeding away from the coast of French Guiana. successful ones. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Until recently, it was assumed that a thick atmosphere like that of modern Venus was required for the planet to have today's slow rotation rate. missions that were potentially compromised. It ended up crashing into the Martian surface. Many spacecraft do this, but especially the Mars Climate Orbiter. Mars Climate Orbiter was designed to arrive at roughly the same time as Mars Polar Lander and to conduct simultaneous investigations of Mars' atmosphere, climate and surface. Different sub types cannot directly be assigned to each other. look for evidence of past climate change. "The problem here was not the error, it was the failure of NASA's systems engineering, and the checks and balances in our processes to detect the error. The two would be a mini-powerhouse for studying Mars from orbit. As the spacecraft journeyed into space on September 1998, it should have entered orbit at an altitude of 140-150 km above Mars, but instead went as close as 57km. Both the video and this article explore how NASAs team made a math boo-boo. Friday, October 1, 1999; Page A1. The spacecraft encountered Mars on a trajectory that brought it too close to the planet, and it was either destroyed in the atmosphere or escaped the planet's vicinity and entered an orbit around the Sun. The Mars Climate Orbiter probe was launched on December 11, 1998, at 18:45:51 UTC by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration from Space Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, aboard a Delta II 7425 launch vehicle. Did you learn something? So there was little room for error. It was further emphasized when they did not reacquire the signal 21 minutes later. As in most businesses, it's about money. The fate of the Mars Climate Orbiter clearly shows the need for standardization of units. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? And its a fun story to tell, so lets get started! How to make chocolate safe for Keidran? When was the term directory replaced by folder? couldnt capture all the potential lessons from one mission before by ; in john kanaka meaning; on May 23, 2022 . Abstract and Figures. Then, the probe sends this telemetry back to Earth so Mission Control can calculate exactly how much the spacecraft changed its trajectory. Thus, this incident could have been more avoided if they were given more metric training.<br />Mars Climate Orbiter undergoing acoustic testing. How dry does a rock/metal vocal have to be during recording? The factor that played the biggest role in communication breakdown was outsourcing projects to stay on budget. Phil Davis The Mars Climate Orbiter was one of three space satellites in the Mars Surveyor Program, a NASA program designed to gather atmosphere, climate, and surface information from Mars. To restate it, each time the spacecraft did a desaturation maneuver it reported back to the ground what exactly it did. [2] Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has since completed most of the intended objectives for this mission. NASA will host a briefing at 11:30 a.m. EDT on Sept. 15, to provide highlights from the first year and a half of the Perseverance rovers mission. permanent makeup training columbus ohio; technology to stop ocean acidification. Mission Control can track the probe and its trajectory in deep space on its way to Mars. akarlin.eth / Substack / @powerfultakes / Discord / YouTube . A solar day on Venus is 117 Earth days (a sidereal day on Venus is 243 Earth days). Find out after we hear from this weeks sponsor, Banana for scale. Why do most space probes survive for far longer than they were designed for? Figure 1: Artist's conception of the Mars Climate Orbiter and its asymmetrical solar array. The mission was unsuccessful due to a navigation error caused by a failure to translate English units to metric. Disasters can be classified into two main categories; natural disasters and man-made disasters. [6][9] At launch, Mars Climate Orbiter weighed 638kg (1407lb) including propellant. Partly this failure was all down to a lack of communication in the . We may have already discovered the essence of life on Mars 40 years ago, according to a former NASA scientist. How were Acorn Archimedes used outside education? What a lot of this came down to was that they were reusing code from a previous mission, and it had gone through all the validation there, so management (who were under pressure to minimize costs) assumed the modifications were low risk. After Columbia made the first-ever shuttle flight in 1981, it was found that the spacecraft had been bombarded by tank foam during its ascent. the celebrated 1997 Pathfinder mission as were made in the failed 1999 Controllers kept trying to contact the spacecraft for a further two full days. But when NASA and Lockheed Martin mixed up units for the Mars Climate Orbiter, it led to the loss of a $327 million mission to Mars. Insertion begins. However, go below 80 kilometers, and Mars thin atmosphere will shatter a fragile spacecraft. so much on shared learning, it would require a more aggressive and The actual firing is just so obviously stupid and shows how bad the management understood what happened. NASA's Curiosity Mars Rover Reroutes Away From Gator-Back' Rocks, What Sounds Captured by NASA's Perseverance Rover Reveal About Mars, Cape Canaveral, Fla. / Launch Complex 17A, 1. Was it something wrong with the insertion burn? The year is 1999. A video released by Everyday Astronaut this week looks at how NASA lost the Mars Climate Orbiter in 1999. In the past 40 years, space flight has encountered all sorts of failure modes. An independent NASA failure review board will be formed shortly. Unfortunately, NASA undermined this learning process in was not robust enough, exacerbated by the first-time handover of a I worked on the Midas and Samos projects in the 50's and & 60's, and on the Space Shuttle until it's demise in the 80's. But NASA will never know. Arrival in orbit was dated for Sept. 23, 1999. What device/devices/ (anything related to computers) you would have used to . The first and most obvious problem and solution is to make sure all units are the same. All it would have been was a simple "yes" on the telephone! I met Boris Smeds once and his story is just unbelievable.. Could you identify the software used in your article and video to simulate the orbital mechanics? The problem is what the spacecraft was sending back to Earth. But this also means that they need to account for every thruster fire. You mess up the units, it doesn't compile. However, it cant really tell if something is speeding up side-to-side from Earths vantage point. The spacecraft was scheduled to re-establish contact after passing behind Mars, but, unfortunately, no signals were received from the spacecraft. Mars Climate Orbiter undergoing acoustic testing. The complete burn sequence lasted 42 minutes bringing the spacecraft into a Hohmann transfer orbit, sending the probe into a 9.5 months, 669millionkm (416millionmi) trajectory. One type of man-made disasters is an engineering disaster. The problem here was not the error; it was the failure of NASA's systems engineering, and the checks and balances in our processes, to detect the error. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Yeah, you would think these things would be caught in preflight simulations. This image of Mars on September 7, 1999, is the only image acquired by the Orbiter. [17], According to NASA, the cost of the mission was $327.6 million ($515.39million in 2021)[18] total for the orbiter and lander, comprising $193.1 million ($303.79million in 2021)[18] for spacecraft development, $91.7 million ($144.27million in 2021)[18] for launching it, and $42.8 million ($67.33million in 2021)[18] for mission operations. Managing Editor: In addition, its function was to act as the communications relay in the Mars Surveyor '98 program for the Mars Polar Lander. It normally took many days to accumulate enough marks to generate an accurate orbit, and as the probe neared Mars, geometry conspired to reduce accuracy . For example, as many mistakes could have been made in moving to the next. Specifically, a set of code called Small Forces which was wrong from day one. Orbiter turns to correct orientation to begin main engine burn. Mars Climate Orbiter awaiting a spin test in November 1998. 00:54. reports, the process to verify and validate certain engineering requirements and technical interfaces between some project groups, and between the www-users.math.umn.edu/~arnold/disasters/ariane5rep.html, The failures of the Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander: a perspective from the people involved, Flake it till you make it: how to detect and deal with flaky tests (Ep. . foot-pounds" could just have easily been delivered in an email using plain English, instead of XML. That part of the mission is also the most difficult to simulate accurately, particularly in an environment with a number of geographically diverse players. Step 3. the Mars Climate Orbiter as it neared the target planet. Although it didnt have the same problem, its mission failed too! So really, like all things, this wasnt a black and white topic, its fairly nuanced and has lots of tiny insignificant things that added up to one gigantic thing. The reasons listed in the bullet points for this answer ring true to me. errors went undetected within ground-based computer models of how small thruster firings on the spacecraft were predicted and then b) the probe lost contact with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory when it entered the Martian atmosphere. By not conducting By the way, the tile technology had been a really difficult thing that held up the Shuttle development for a year, or a year-and-a-half. Mars gravitational effects grew stronger just 24 hours before the orbital insertion burn. And NASA was hoping to have a big hit on their hands with an exciting new Mars orbiter. project and its prime mission contractor, was inadequate. The same process could have existed on Mars billions of years ago. This information was critical to the maneuvers required to place the spacecraft in the proper Mars orbit. NASA Mars lander felt the ground shake during the impact while cameras aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spotted the yawning new crater from space. First, with the launch of each FBC mission, NASA demanded ever faster With its successful launch, it began its 10-month journey to Mars. Similar objectives were later achieved with Mars Climate Sounder on board Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Under administrator Daniel Goldin, a 1994 panel on Small Spacecraft Technology set new guidelines for NASA interplanetary missions. approach was the need for project managers to learn from the Now the funny thing is, because these angular momentum desaturation burns were so low energy, being off by 4.45 times was hardly noticeable. They can measure even the tiniest variation during these corrections. I worked on the JPL instrument called PMIRR (Pressure Modulator InfraredRadiometer) on the OM (Mars Observer) spacecraft lost in 1993. If by even a tiny amount, the spacecraft does something enough; it adds up over time to a trajectory change. later FBC missions failed more frequently than earlier ones did. At this altitude, the spacecraft would likely have skipped violently off the denser-than-expected atmosphere,[citation needed] and it was either destroyed in the atmosphere, or re-entered heliocentric space. 1. [1], Exploded diagram of Delta II launch vehicle with Mars Climate Orbiter, Launch of Mars Climate Orbiter by NASA on a Delta II 7425 launch vehicle, Interplanetary trajectory of Mars Climate Orbiter, Aerobraking procedure to place Mars Climate Orbiter into orbit around Mars. It must have been a bad day when that happened! Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Natural disasters are something that cannot be controlled even with human intervention. That is, until the spacecraft encountered Mars at 57 kilometers in altitude instead of the calculated 226 kilometers. 2) based on what you learned from the video and any additional research you conducted identify the factors that . Moore Boeck. "The lessons from these reviews will be applied across the board in the future.". Design & Development: In 1994, the Panel on Small Spacecraft Technology was established to set guidelines for future miniature spacecraft. "We have underway a thorough investigation to understand this issue." Two separate review committees have already been formed to investigate the loss of Mars Climate Orbiter: an internal JPL peer group and a special review board of JPL and outside experts. During the STS-107 mission, Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated as it reentered the atmosphere over Texas, killing all seven astronauts on board. But, we knew it as, you guessed it, the Mars Climate Orbiter. The Mars Climate Orbiter. The $125-million mission was to study Mars' weather and climate, including the cycling of water and carbon dioxide. The key benefit, it keeps the reaction wheels happy. Finally, NASA fell prey to superstitious learningthe assumption please respond to all of the following questions in your initial post: 1) what barriers to effective communication do you think might have contributed to the mars climate orbiter failure? Data storage was to be maintained on 128 MB of random-access memory (RAM) and 18 MB of flash memory. 37 seconds later, the rocket flipped 90 degrees in the wrong direction, and less than two seconds later, aerodynamic forces ripped the boosters apart from the main stage at a height of 4km. Let me know your thoughts and why metric is the better unit of measurement in the comments below. It would take with it instruments designed first for the Mars Global Surveyor. Although NASA had development, NASA forced its project managers to invent radically new I find this software error to be absolutely shocking. So one would have one type for feet and another one for meters; both keep the built-in operators, but any conversion must be explicit. An independent NASA failure review board will be formed shortly. Integration testing consisted of making sure the file was produced and could be moved to the right server: they didn't do anything with the data in the file. Reason for loss known. How does. To perform the Mars orbital insertion maneuver, the spacecraft also included a LEROS 1B main engine rocket,[8] providing 640N (140lbf) of thrust by burning hydrazine fuel with nitrogen tetroxide (NTO) oxidizer. Alongside the course corrections, the spacecraft also performed angular momentum desaturations or AMDs. But of course the next big feature needs to be done. Use MathJax to format equations. Colonize Space With Nukes Arrival in orbit, was dated for Sept. 23, 1999. The total spacecraft launch mass of 629 kg . This differed from the previous Swiss Army Knife approach of cramming every instrument possible into a probe. There were several spacecraft failures which are attributed to this strategy backfiring, leading to the phrase "Faster Better Cheaper - you can have any 2 you like", however there were many notable successes from the strategy including Mars Pathfinder and the NEAR asteroid rendezvous and in the end all of the 10 FBC spacecraft cost about the same as Cassini. implemented a lessons learned database in 1995, a 2001 survey found The answer of the following questions--- 1)Following barriers to effective communication might have contributed to the Mars Climate Orbiter failure a) There is information gap in operational navigation team on the details of the way that Mars Climate Orbiter was pointed in space, as compared to the earlier Mars Global Surveyor mission b) Communication channel among different project team were . . To have the planet capture the spacecraft, it has to aim and get as close as it safely can to the planet. But oddly, the blame game continues when it was discovered the code given to Lockheed Martin was in pound-seconds in the first place and they didnt catch it. The strategy depended on shared learning, with newer projects re-using older project's code, equipment, knowledge and lessons learnt but the agency did not put adequate tools in place to do this nor did it foster a sharing culture. I promise Ill do more of these spacepalm videos to fill the gap between some of my long form videos, because trust me, those are getting a bit ridiculous! To most of us, dust is an annoyance. Goldins doctrine meant probes were to be less expensive and smaller to allow for more missions and higher launch cadences. That's why we lost the spacecraft.". OK SO THE ANSWER every time the spacecraft performed those desaturation maneuvers, it would report back what it did to correct for the angular moment. But these tiny particles that float about and settle on surfaces play an important role across the solar system. "Our clear short-term goal is to maximize the likelihood of a successful landing of the Mars Polar Lander on December 3," said Weiler. The spacecraft would have been destroyed by atmospheric stresses and friction at this low altitude. CNN . Mars Climate Orbiter had a unique design, having only a single large solar panel off to one side capable of 500 watts at Mars. NASA lost its $125-million Mars Climate Orbiter because spacecraft engineers failed to convert from English to metric measurements when exchanging vital data before the craft was launched, space . It needed to do this by performing angular momentum desaturation burns with its small attitude thrusters. On the former, quality assurance was comprehensive, every nut and solder joint was inspected. The primary method is by Doppler shift. By thrusting water into the upper atmosphere, global dust storms may interfere with the planet's water cycle, preventing H 2 O from condensing and falling back down to the surface. The Mars Climate Orbiter crashed on the surface of Mars because a) one program output thrust in terms of foot-pounds, and another program expected thrust to be expressed in terms of newtons. After the end of its main mapping mission Jan. 15, 2001, Mars Climate Orbiter would have acted as a communications relay for future NASA missions to Mars. But because it typically takes Anatoly Karlin. No big deal. To keep the reaction wheels from having to work overtime, you can perform an AMD. As a They could also have just used boost::units but everyone makes mistakes, and when there is a long enough chain of mistakes, this leads to disasters. Also, the Shuttle's "demise" was not in the 80s, it was in 2011. [6][7], The spacecraft was 3-axis stabilized and included eight hydrazine monopropellant thrusters: four 22N (4.9lbf) thrusters to perform trajectory corrections and four 0.9N (3.2ozf) thrusters to control attitude. Unfortunately, the Mars Climate Orbiter and Polar Lander have been lost. However, management denied it because they thought the probe was on course. One of my favorite things about this launch is the Star 48B spin stabilized solid propellant third stage. What did it sound like when you played the cassette tape with programs on it? Pressure Modulated Infrared Radiometer. The total spacecraft launch mass of 629 kg includes 291 kg of propellant. Following a 286-day journey, the Mars Climate Orbiter engine ignited as expected at 5:01 EDT. The error caused the orbiter to miss its intended orbit (87 to 93 miles or 140 to 50 kilometers) and to fall into the Martian atmosphere at approximately 35 miles (57 kilometers) in altitude and to disintegrate due to atmospheric stresses. foot-pounds" could just have easily been delivered in an email using plain English, instead of XML. The Climate Orbiter and Polar Lander are part of a $327.5 million mission to Mars primarily to study its climate for an understanding of conditions there in an earlier epoch that might have been . what didnt. Thanks for contributing an answer to Space Exploration Stack Exchange! The satellite was also designed to serve as a communications relay for the Mars Polar Lander. how could the mars climate orbiter accident have been preventedconvoy 2 the railroaders May 23, 2022 . These eruptions, called . Initially, it was believed that only miniscule bits of foam would come off and hit the orbiter, but actual test flights indicated otherwise. Or, perhaps worse, smacking right into it. [16], Still, NASA does not place the responsibility on Lockheed for the mission loss; instead, various officials at NASA have stated that NASA itself was at fault for failing to make the appropriate checks and tests that would have caught the discrepancy. . The orbiter carried two science instruments: a copy of an atmospheric sounder on the Mars Observer spacecraft lost in 1993, and a new, lightweight color imager combining wide- and medium-angle cameras. JPL's industrial partner is Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, CO. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA. The Matrix was playing on movie screens across North America. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. processes and procedures. Learn how your comment data is processed. Man-made disasters however, are solely caused because of human actions. Sixteen scientists from the U.S., Europe, Canada, and Japan have been chosen to help future samples from the Red Planet achieve their full potential. Examine surface features characteristic of the evolution of the Martian climate over time. The Mars Climate Orbiter (MCO) was a 338-kilogram robotic guided space probe launched by NASA on December 11, 1998 to review the Martian climate, Martian atmosphere and . how could the mars climate orbiter accident have been prevented. As part of a more thorough search, the Mars Surveyor Program was put in place. This would generate heating equivalent to a bank of propan Gavin vehemently denied it. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. It then reported those results to the guidance and navigation teams and was off by a factor of 4.45 times. another fail can be subtle. By doing asymmetrical burns for the desaturation also led to imparting additional unwanted velocity. This method isnt accurate at all times. @Hobbes I think the OP is talking about more the mechanical and regular service things, not about the software. Why? What practices could NASA implement to make sure this kind of miscommunication doesn't happen again? The Cause Mapping approach to root cause analysis permits us to zoom in and out to reveal more or less detail as needed. as planned. Attendees of the meeting recall an agreement to conduct TCM-5, but it was ultimately not done. Miscalculations due to the use of English units instead of metric units apparently sent the craft slowly off course - - 60 miles in all. After the loss of Mars Observer and the onset of the rising costs associated with the future International Space Station, NASA began seeking less expensive, smaller probes for scientific interplanetary missions. . 23 May, 2022 . Perfect for the Mars Orbital Insertion burn, or so they thought. To avoid patches of knife-edged rocks, the mission has taken an alternative path up Mount Sharp. Additionally the actual problem could have been prevented with more time spend on backups and security. The origin of the Martian moons is still controversial. No further attempts to contact. https://www.thespacereview.com/article/306/1 In fact, the observed trajectory kept getting lower and lower. It performed four course corrections: Dec. 21, 1998, and March, At 09:00:46 UT Sept. 23, 1999, the orbiter began its Mars orbit insertion.
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